The achievement of Einstein's Law

Ernest Walton

In 1932, the English scientists C.D.Cockcroft and E.T.S.Walton tested the validity of Einstein's law in practice, he deliberately bombard the lithium with a high-speed proton that was composed of alpha particles and a large amount of energy. The previous nuclear reaction was associated with a mass loss of 0.0186 atomic mass units.
E.T.S.Walton was found that the amount of energy emitted from the reaction is equal to the amount of energy that can be calculated from Einstein's equation, so Einstein's law was proved and the mass conversion potential

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The idea of nuclear energy

The reaction of nuclear fission is the interaction in which high thermal and light energy is produced in addition to particles such as beta and alpha.
Nuclear energy is released by bombarding the nucleus 235 of neutrons as in following picture. This collision results in a new molecule of unstable that quickly breaks into two molecules and an average of 2 to 3 neutrons, thus colliding with other uranium atoms

Chain reaction

Thus, the process of energy release and the production of neutrons within the so-called Chain reaction. The amount of energy emitted by the splitting of a single atom of uranium 235 is two hundred and two million electron volts

1 MeV = 106 × 1.6 × 10−19 J

Nuclear power reactors produce a huge amount of electrical energy from a small amount of fuel. A few grams of uranium give a quantity of energy equivalent to one tonne of coal. Enough to run a home electricity for about four months, without any carbon emission. (Note: Production of 1 GWh of coal-fired plant produces 1041 tonnes of CO2

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Nuclear bonding energy

The nucleus of helium consists of proton and neutronin, It was supposed to be the relationship between them as in the following Figure

The nucleus of the helium nucleus is 4,0015 units of atomic mass.
The proton mass is 1.0073 atomic mass units.
Neutron mass is 1.0087 atomic mass units.

Since the nucleus of helium consists of proton and neutronin, the mass of the helium nucleus can be calculated as follows:
Protonin mass = 2 × 1.0073 neutron mass = 2 × 1.00
Protonin mass = 2.0146 neutron mass = 2.0174
Total mass of protons and neutrons = 2.0146 + 2.0174 = 4.0320 units of atomic mass

By comparing the actual helium mass with the total mass of its nuclei, there is a difference in mass as in the following Fig

The difference in mass between the helium nucleus and its total components is 0.0305 atomic mass units. The German-American physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955), in 1907, using the purely mathematical analysis, he  was able to prove that energy and mass They are only two sides of a single coin which means that the substance can be converted into energy and energy into substance.

Einstein was able to put his illustrious equation

E = M C²

This energy is called the Binding ENERGY

For example, the nuclear energy produced by converting one gram into energy is 85,000 million BTU, which is equivalent to 25 million kilowatt hours, or the equivalent of the energy produced by the burning of nearly 5,000 tons of Coal.

^{Important note:}

1. When one kilogram of uranium is fissioned, the difference between the mass of the material before and after the fission process is equal to one gram, ie, one gas is converted to energy and the remaining 999 is discharged as waste. Therefore, you may find the same previous statement mentioned in the reference However, instead of the word gram, you will find the word kilogram  and therefore it is necessary to distinguish.
2. A 1,000 megawatt power plant needs only 2 Kilogram per day of fissionable enriched uranium to be operated. This amount of fuel can be provided by supplying the reactor with 50 kg of enriched uranium by 4% (18 tons per year and up to 30 tons if the enrichment rate is lower). This amount of fuel remains very low compared to 3 million tons of coal Stoneware is required to operate the same plant annually.

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Nuclear power plants

 
 Nuclear generating plants are a kind of thermal generating station, because they operate by heat in the same way as generating steam. Then this steam rotates the turbines, which rotate the rotor from the electric generator and generate electrical energy on the stationary parts of the generator.

   The main difference between conventional steam stations and nuclear plants is that in nuclear power plants the fuel-burning furnace is replaced by a reactor that generates heat as a result of the fission of uranium and uses this enormous thermal energy to evaporate the water in the boilers and convert it into Vapor with high pressure and high temperature

   This reactor needs a insulation wall and beams of atomic radiation and therefore consists of a layer of fire bricks, a layer of water and a layer of steel and then a layer of cement up to two meters to protect the workers in the plant and the surrounding environment from pollution by atomic radiation.

   The world's first nuclear power plant was carried out in 1954 and was in the Soviet Union with a capacity of 5 megawatts.


Read also:

• Nuclear bonding energy
•   The idea of nuclear energy
•   The achievement of Einstein's Law

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